Albert Einstein is perhaps the most famous scientist of this century. One of his most well-known accomplishments is the formula [IMG]worsleyschool.net/science/files/emc2/emc2form.JPG[/IMG]
Despite its familiarity, many people don't really understand what it means. We hope this explanation will help!
One
of Einstein's great insights was to realize that matter and energy are
really different forms of the same thing. Matter can be turned into
energy, and energy into matter.
For example, consider a simple hydrogen atom, basically composed of a single proton. This subatomic particle has a mass of
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 672 kg
This is a tiny mass indeed. But in everyday quantities of matter there are
a lot
of atoms! For instance, in one kilogram of pure water, the mass of
hydrogen atoms amounts to just slightly more than 111 grams, or 0.111
kg.
Einstein's formula tells us the
amount of energy this mass would be equivalent to, if it were all suddenly
turned into energy. It says that to find the energy, you multiply the mass by the square of the speed of light, this number being 300,000,000 meters per second (a
very large number):
[IMG]worsleyschool.net/science/files/emc2/emc2form.JPG[/IMG]
= 0.111 x 300,000,000 x 300,000,000
=
10,000,000,000,000,000 Joules
This is an incredible amount of energy! A
Joule is not a large unit of energy ... one Joule is about the energy
released when you drop a textbook to the floor. But the
amount of energy in 30 grams of hydrogen atoms is equivalent to burning hundreds of thousands of gallons of gasoline!
[IMG]worsleyschool.net/science/files/emc2/einsteinanim.gif[/IMG]
If
you consider all the energy in the full kilogram of water, which also
contains oxygen atoms, the total energy equivalent is close to 10
million gallons of gasoline!
Can all this energy really be released? Has it ever been?
The only way for ALL this energy to be released is for the kilogram of water to be totally
annhilated. This process involves the complete destruction of matter, and occurs
only when that matter meets an equal amount of
antimatter
... a substance composed of mass with a negative charge. Antimatter
does exist; it is observable as single subatomic particles in
radioactive decay, and has been created in the laboratory. But it is
rather short-lived (!), since it annihilates itself and an equal
quantity of ordinary matter as soon as it encounters anything. For this
reason, it has not yet been made in measurable quantities, so our
kilogram of water can't be turned into energy by mixing it with
'antiwater'. At least, not yet.
Another phenomenon peculiar to small elementary particles like protons
is that they combine. A single proton forms the nucleus of a hydrogen
atom. Two protons are found in the nucleus of a helium atom. This is
how the elements are formed ... all the way up to the heaviest
naturally occuring substance, uranium, which has 92 protons in its
nucleus.
It is possible to make two free protons (Hydrogen nuclei) come together
to make the beginnings of a helium nucleus. This requires that the
protons be hurled at each other at a very high speed. This process
occurs in
the sun, but can also be replicated on earth with lasers, magnets, or in the center of an atomic bomb. The process is called
nuclear fusion.
What makes it interesting is that when the two protons are forced to
combine, they don't need as much of their energy (or mass).
Two protons stuck together have less mass than two single separate protons!
When the protons are forced together, this extra mass is released ...
as energy! Typically this amounts to about 7% of the total mass,
converted to an amount of energy predictable using the formula [IMG]worsleyschool.net/science/files/emc2/emc2form.JPG[/IMG].
Elements heavier than iron are unstable. Some of them are
very unstable! This means that their nuclei, composed of many positively charged protons, which
want to repel from each other, are liable to fall apart at any moment! We call atoms like this
radioactive.
Uranium, for example, is radioactive. Every second, many of the atoms
in a chunk of uranium are falling apart. When this happens, the pieces,
which are now new elements (with fewer protons) are LESS massive in
total than the original uranium atoms. The extra mass disappears as
energy ... again according to the formula [IMG]worsleyschool.net/science/files/emc2/emc2form.JPG[/IMG]! This process is called
nuclear fission.
Both these nuclear reactions release a small portion of the mass
involved as energy. Large amounts of energy! You are probably more
familiar with their uses.
Nuclear fusion is what powers a modern nuclear warhead.
Nuclear fission (less powerful) is what happens in an
atomic bomb (like the ones used against Japan in WWII), or in a nuclear power plant.
Albert Einstein was able to see where an understanding of this formula
would lead. Although peaceful by nature and politics, he helped write a
letter to the President of the United States, urging him to fund
research into the development of an atomic bomb ...
before
the Nazis or Japan developed their own first. The result was the
Manhatten Project, which did in fact produce the first tangible
evidence of [IMG]worsleyschool.net/science/files/emc2/emc2form.JPG[/IMG] ... the atomic bomb!
therefore polycarbonate is more of a plastic
